{"id":1439,"date":"2025-07-01T21:21:51","date_gmt":"2025-07-01T18:21:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/?p=1439"},"modified":"2025-07-01T21:21:51","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T18:21:51","slug":"empedokles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/2025\/07\/01\/empedokles\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 EMPEDOKLES"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Sokrates \u00f6ncesi felsefe, sofistlere do\u011fru!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u00a0\u00a0                                                          B\u00d6L\u00dcM 5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Empedokles, Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f Grek kenti olan Akragas\u2019ta (Girenti) M\u00d6 494 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya\u2019ya i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f ve M\u00d6 434 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sokrates\u2019ten \u00f6nce yani PreSokratik filozoflar aras\u0131nda Herakleitos\u2019un \u00f6\u011fretisi ile Elea okulunun ontoloji kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan filozoftur. Empedokles, bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi filozofu olarak da konumland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Onu farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri, hem bir do\u011fa filozofu hem de mistik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Felsefesinde hem bilimsel g\u00f6zlemler hem de dini ve metafiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Empedokles\u2019in do\u011fa anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, kendisinden \u00f6nceki filozoflar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine bir sentez getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Elea Okulu\u2019nun (Parmenides gibi) \u201cvarl\u0131k birdir, de\u011fi\u015fim yoktur\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar, fakat bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tamamen reddetmez. Ona g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fim vard\u0131r, fakat bu de\u011fi\u015fim rastgele de\u011fil, belirli unsurlar\u0131n birle\u015fip ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Empedokles\u2019in do\u011fa felsefesindeki en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131s\u0131, d\u00f6rt klasik element kuram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kurama g\u00f6re evrende bulunan her \u015fey d\u00f6rt temel unsurdan meydana gelir: Toprak, su, hava ve ate\u015f. Bu d\u00f6rt unsurun belirli oranlarda birle\u015fmesi ya da ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla t\u00fcm maddesel varl\u0131klar meydana gelir ve yok olur. Ona g\u00f6re bu unsurlar ne yok olur ne de yarat\u0131l\u0131r; sadece bir araya gelir ya da da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6rt unsuru bir araya getiren ve ay\u0131ran iki temel g\u00fc\u00e7 vard\u0131r: \u201cSevgi (philia)\u201d ve \u201cNefret (neikos)\u201d. Sevgi unsurlar\u0131 birle\u015ftirirken, nefret ise onlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Kozmos, bu iki g\u00fcc\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve dengesiyle olu\u015fur. Yani evrendeki her de\u011fi\u015fim, bu iki kuvvetin etkisiyle meydana gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Empedokles ayn\u0131 zamanda ruh g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne (metempsikhozis) inan\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Pisagorcu gelenekten etkilenmi\u015ftir. Ona g\u00f6re ruh, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra ba\u015fka bir bedene ge\u00e7er ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ancak ruh ar\u0131narak tanr\u0131sal hakikate ula\u015f\u0131nca sona erer. Bu inan\u00e7, onun ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinde de \u00f6nemli yer tutar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca Empedokles, bir \u015fairdi. Felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015fiirsel bir dille kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cDo\u011fa \u00dczerine\u201d ve \u201cAr\u0131nmalar\u201d adl\u0131 iki \u00f6nemli \u015fiirsel eseri vard\u0131r. Bu eserlerinde hem kozmolojik a\u00e7\u0131klamalara hem de ruhsal kurtulu\u015fa dair fikirlerine yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Empedokles, hem bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin hem de dini mistisizmin birle\u015fti\u011fi bir filozoftur. D\u00f6rt unsur kuram\u0131, sonraki felsefi ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun felsefesi, do\u011fay\u0131 anlamaya y\u00f6nelik rasyonel bir \u00e7aba ile insan ruhunun kurtulu\u015funa y\u00f6nelik mistik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 potada eritmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ANAXAGORAS<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Herakleitos ile Elea okulu aras\u0131nda ki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sona erdirmek ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri aras\u0131nda bir uzla\u015fma bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir di\u011fer filozoftur. Anaxagoras \u0130yon\u2019ya l\u0131 olmas\u0131na ek olarak Miletos\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ortam\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. M\u00d6 500 \u2013 M\u00d6 428 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anaksagoras, do\u011fay\u0131 anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk filozoflardan biridir ve \u00f6zellikle evrendeki d\u00fczenin ak\u0131l yoluyla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re evrendeki t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar &#8220;tohumlar&#8221; (Yunanca: <em>spermata<\/em> veya <em>homeomeria<\/em>) ad\u0131 verilen sonsuz say\u0131daki \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alardan olu\u015fur. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ayn\u0131 olan \u015feylerin temel yap\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r; \u00f6rne\u011fin et, kemik, kan gibi farkl\u0131 varl\u0131klar, farkl\u0131 tohumlar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anaksagoras\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6zg\u00fcn katk\u0131s\u0131 &#8220;Nous&#8221; (<em>Akl\u0131n \u0130lkesi<\/em>) kavram\u0131d\u0131r. Evrendeki d\u00fczeni sa\u011flayan \u015fey, rastlant\u0131 ya da k\u00f6r bir kuvvet de\u011fil, bilin\u00e7li ve d\u00fczenleyici bir ak\u0131ld\u0131r. Bu ak\u0131l (<em>Nous<\/em>), her \u015feyi ba\u015flatan, karga\u015fay\u0131 d\u00fczene \u00e7eviren ve t\u00fcm olu\u015flar\u0131 y\u00f6neten evrensel bir ilkedir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Anaksagoras, evrenin olu\u015fumunu maddi nedenlerle a\u00e7\u0131klayan \u00f6nceki do\u011fa filozoflar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131l\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc maddeye ek olarak zihinsel bir neden \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anaksagoras\u2019a g\u00f6re hi\u00e7bir \u015fey b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yok olmaz veya ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz; sadece mevcut par\u00e7ac\u0131klar yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir, birle\u015fir veya ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle, de\u011fi\u015fim bir yok olu\u015f de\u011fil, bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. \u201cHer \u015feyde her \u015feyden bir par\u00e7a vard\u0131r\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, onun bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca Anaksagoras, Ay\u2019\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in bir tanr\u0131 de\u011fil, ate\u015ften olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fctle oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Bu gibi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla mitolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 bilimsel ve rasyonel a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 savunmu\u015f, do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l yoluyla anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nedeniyle dinsizlikle su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve Atina\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>LEUK\u0130PPOS<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk Atomcu Filozof, Leukippos, Antik Yunan felsefesinin erken d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00f6nemli bir filozoftur ve \u00f6zellikle atomculuk (atomizm) \u00f6\u011fretisinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve do\u011fum yeri tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte Miletos, Abdera ya da Elea gibi yerlerle ili\u015fkilendirilir. En tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011frencisi Demokritos\u2019tur; fakat tarihsel kaynaklar zamanla bu iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn fikirlerini i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Hatta baz\u0131 antik yazarlar Leukippos\u2019un hi\u00e7 var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile iddia etmi\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri do\u011frudan Demokritos\u2019a mal etmi\u015ftir. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131, Leukippos\u2019un ger\u00e7ek bir tarihsel ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu ve atomculu\u011fun temellerini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde birle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leukippos\u2019un felsefesinin merkezinde <strong>&#8220;atom&#8221;<\/strong> ve <strong>&#8220;bo\u015fluk&#8221; (kenon)<\/strong> kavramlar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Elea Okulu\u2019nun \u00f6zellikle Parmenides\u2019in &#8220;hi\u00e7lik yoktur&#8221; anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Ona g\u00f6re, e\u011fer de\u011fi\u015fim ve hareket varsa \u2013ki bu, duyusal deneyimlerle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6zlemlenebilir\u2013 bu durumda <strong>bo\u015fluk<\/strong> (var olmayan bir \u015fey) olmal\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hareket ancak bo\u015flukta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden &#8220;hi\u00e7lik&#8221; vard\u0131r ve bu bo\u015flukta <strong>b\u00f6l\u00fcnemez, \u015fekli ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc farkl\u0131 olan atomlar<\/strong> hareket eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leukippos\u2019un temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u015fudur: <strong>&#8220;Hi\u00e7bir \u015fey nedensiz olmaz, her \u015fey bir nedenle olur ve zorunludur.&#8221;<\/strong> Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, onun do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131 rastgele de\u011fil, belirli neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkileriyle a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu anlamda, ilk determinist filozoflardan biri say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leukippos\u2019un eserlerinden \u00e7ok az\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilinen eserleri aras\u0131nda <strong>&#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Kozmos&#8221; (Megas Diakosmos)<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ttan s\u00f6z edilir, ancak sadece par\u00e7alar h\u00e2linde bilinir. Ona g\u00f6re evren sonsuz say\u0131da atomdan ve bo\u015fluktan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Atomlar ezeli ve ebedidir; yani yarat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve yok edilemezler. Bu atomlar bir araya gelerek maddeleri, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ve evreni olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>EKLEKT\u0130KLER VE EP\u0130GONLAR<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Antik Yunan felsefesinin Helenistik d\u00f6nemine do\u011fru gelindi\u011finde, \u00f6zg\u00fcn felsefi sistemlerin yerini daha \u00e7ok <strong>birle\u015ftirici<\/strong>, <strong>yorumlay\u0131c\u0131<\/strong> ve <strong>aktar\u0131mc\u0131<\/strong> yakla\u015f\u0131mlar almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde iki temel e\u011filim g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar: <strong>Eklektik\u00e7ilik (se\u00e7mecilik)<\/strong> ve <strong>epigonluk (takip\u00e7ilik \/ izleyicilik)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Eklektikler (Se\u00e7meciler)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Eklektik filozoflar<\/strong>, farkl\u0131 felsefi sistemlerin i\u00e7inden <strong>uyumlu ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nleri<\/strong> al\u0131p bir sentez olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan, \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir sistem kurmaktan \u00e7ok, mevcut sistemlerden pratikte i\u015fe yarayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri bir araya getirerek kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve uygulanabilir bir felsefi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftirmektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m \u00f6zellikle <strong>Helenistik d\u00f6nem Roma felsefesinde<\/strong> \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cicero<\/strong>, Stoac\u0131, Epik\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Akademik \u015f\u00fcpheci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri birle\u015ftirerek Roma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6nemli bir eklektiktir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plutarkhos<\/strong>, Platonculu\u011fu benimsemi\u015f olsa da Stoac\u0131l\u0131ktan da etkilenmi\u015f bir fig\u00fcrd\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Poseidonios<\/strong>, Stoac\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Platoncu ve Aristoteles\u00e7i fikirleri Stoac\u0131l\u0131k\u2019la kayna\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Eklektikler, \u00f6zellikle <strong>etik ve siyaset felsefesi<\/strong> alanlar\u0131nda, farkl\u0131 okullar\u0131n faydal\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ilkelerini bir araya getirerek pratik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmi\u015flerdir. Bu durum bazen \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck eksikli\u011fi ile ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsa da, <strong>felsefenin evrenselle\u015fmesinde<\/strong> \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Epigonlar (Takip\u00e7iler \/ \u0130kinci Ku\u015fak Filozoflar)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Epigonlar<\/strong>, b\u00fcy\u00fck felsefi sistemlerin kurucular\u0131ndan sonra gelen, bu sistemleri koruyup geli\u015ftiren ya da yaln\u0131zca tekrarlayan filozoflard\u0131r. Yunanca \u201cepigonos\u201d kelimesi \u201card\u0131l, sonraki gelen\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. Epigonlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman <strong>yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k eksikli\u011fiyle<\/strong> ele\u015ftirilir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fey, \u00f6nceki b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin fikirlerini savunmak ve a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aristoteles sonras\u0131 Peripatetikler (Lykeion okulu)<\/strong> i\u00e7inde, Theophrastos ve Straton gibi isimler Aristoteles\u2019in sistemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Platon&#8217;un izinden giden Orta Platoncular<\/strong> ya da <strong>Yeni Platoncular<\/strong>, onun fikirlerini koruyarak sistematik hale getirmi\u015ftir. Plotinos gibi isimler daha sonra yarat\u0131c\u0131 yorumlar getirseler de, ilk d\u00f6nem Epigonlar daha \u00e7ok tekrar ve korumayla ilgilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Epigonlar ayn\u0131 zamanda <strong>felsefi miras\u0131n aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda<\/strong> \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Yazd\u0131klar\u0131 yorumlar sayesinde, \u00f6zg\u00fcn metinlerin sonraki nesillere ula\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Bu bak\u0131mdan felsefenin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flayan zincirin bir halkas\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sokrates \u00f6ncesi felsefe, sofistlere do\u011fru! \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00d6L\u00dcM 5 Empedokles, Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f Grek kenti olan Akragas\u2019ta (Girenti) M\u00d6 494 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya\u2019ya i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f ve M\u00d6 434 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sokrates\u2019ten \u00f6nce yani PreSokratik filozoflar aras\u0131nda Herakleitos\u2019un \u00f6\u011fretisi ile Elea okulunun ontoloji kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan filozoftur. Empedokles, bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi filozofu olarak da konumland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Onu farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-antik-yunan-felsefe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1439"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1440,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1439\/revisions\/1440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1439"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isikogretisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}